Leveling instruments:

Builders' and engineers’ levels for measuring height differences

Levelling instruments are used to create a horizontal line of sight in order to determine differences in height. The main components include a telescope with crosshair which can rotate around the vertical axis, a horizontal circle for marking off the angles, and the bubble which helps to keep the instrument in a horizontal position with a tribrach.

Automatic levels also feature a compensator mechanism which will adjust the level to an exactly horizontal position within a small working range. The compensators are equipped with a damping system.

In practice, airdamped and magnetically damped compensators have become generally accepted. The air-damped compensators are of better quality whereas magnetically damped compensators are more favourably priced.

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